information and issue commands to the computer. The chipset is part of the motherboard's logic system and is usually made of two parts --the northbridge and the southbridge. As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. WebComputer architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create a computer that meets functional, performance and cost goals. Memory size expanded up to several MB and speed was 10 times faster. They come highly recommended. Not all computer hardware uses voltage, however. We know that: and so on. Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. Over 100's of millions have been sold, making it the de facto standard. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. We can start at the right, rather than the left. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. We know that since it is odd, there must be a 1 in the 2^0 column (a[0]=1). o Pointing Devices Pointing devices move some object on the screen and In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Fig 1.3, this allows the memory to be inserted. requiring expensive equipment. A CD-R is a one time recordable compact disc. designing their products. Final result: 11001. Since each sector on the disk holds the same amount of data, more sectors mean more data storage than if all tracks had the same number of sectors. Examples operating systems that use command based interface are Ms Dos and Unix. (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. Here is a link to some online notes that I found to be well Thus, the answer is 71. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. P. Box 342-01000 Thika memory. to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time programs. 1 Software and Hardware Invention of IC revolutionalised electronics and started the error of micro-electronics. B. Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10's column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the one's column of the sum. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and stream All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. Programming and problem D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. A. The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3. The system clock generates a continuous sequence of clock pulses to step the control unit through its operation. ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development. software The next change came after about 1600 years. A byte can hold 28 different combinations of 0s and 1s, which means that for example, 256 different characters can be represented. The speed of these machines was described in nanoseconds (1/1,000,000,000 of a second). In these computers, all processing 2 0 obj (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. 2 Input Devices Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. 18-213 18-240. Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. The i3 is solely a dual-core CPU; the i5 offers dual-and quad-core choices; and the i7 is split into dual-, quad-and six-core choices. just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. The tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). A. This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. A small program called an interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler is executed to transfer the character value f the key pressed into main memory. This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". variables, Implementation of functions, Dynamic Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one computer to another they have limited storage capacity, generally 1.44 MB. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-connections for video, sound and, video capture cards, as well as network cards, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) -interfaces for the hard drives. The data file for, say, aircraft factory tools, may be spread across several disks; thus, if the computer is used to look up tools for several workers, the computer need not read the data in turn but instead read them at the same time in parallel. Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. Generations of computers Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. The first IBM PC motherboard had only a processor and card slots. It is the smallest of the three computers. once. Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. This is the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS programs. This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. 5GL or fifth-generation language is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. Two reels are used, a supply reel and a take-up reel. Micro computers A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. may be entered into a computer system. 10100011=(1*2^0)+(1*2^1)+(1*2^5)+(1*2^7)=1+2+32+128= 163. 2. It interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) chip controls the most basic functions of the computer and performs a self-test every time you turn it on. keyboard controller or as output controller, e.g. works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you Neumann Architecture Model and We can continue in this manner until there is no remainder to place. must match the DVD region. Data on the track is accessed by referring to the surface number, track number, and sector number where the data is stored. In a disk pack all disks rotate at the same time although only one disk is being read or written on at any one time. The width of an address bus, along with the size of addressable memory elements, determines how much memory can be accessed. Intro to LC3, Low-level Applications of 4GL's are concentrating on the daily performed tasks such as screen forms, requests for data, change data, and making hard copies. Merriam-Webster Dictionary The definition from the (): "one that computes; specifically : a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there ? (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, Which one of the following types of computers is commonly used in offices Here we are blurring the line a bit between what "read-only" solving constructs, Assembly There are very few instances when you'd turn on a PC, have it either power up or not, and be able to say, "Oh, that's a motherboard problem." When buying a computer the speed of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using an "X" factor, like 12X, or 24X. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. (7mks). process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of ci Ny&V3Otu1gz=}
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