Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Refine any search. If we take Macbeths statement as expressing Shakespeares own perspective on the theater, then the entire play can be seen as being full of sound and fury, / Signifying nothing. Admittedly, it seems unlikely that the playwright would have put his own perspective on the stage in the mouth of a despairing, desperate murderer. Complete your free account to request a guide. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Irony is used to add suspense as well as keeping the reader involved, to deepen the readers understanding of the characters and to emphasize a central idea. ", Latest answer posted October 07, 2018 at 8:39:06 PM. One of the gravediggers sarcastically comments in relation to the death of Ophelia that nobles are given more privileges to sin than other Christians. Became him like the leaving it. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. for a customized plan. What does Hamlet think about suicide? Complete your free account to request a guide. 20% Malcolm, Siward, Ross, and others enter. Observe her; stand close. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. His words highlight the contribution of the Witches to the events and outcomes of the play. That, when the brains were out, the man would die, The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Lady's Macbeth's incessant washing of her hands represents a moment of dramatic irony in the play. In Act V, scene vii, when Macduff enters the castle where his wife and children are imprisoned, he is met by Lady Macbeth. It occurs when a situation unfolds in an unexpected way. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Macbeth's confidence in the integrityof the natural world is ironic, since the laws of naturehave already been abandoned in the wake of Duncan's murder. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. Additionally, the speechs insistence that [l]ifes . The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. These examples show how the reader is given information that the characters in the play are not privy to. And there an end. It is this irony that drives the play forward and creates a sense of tension and foreboding throughout. Discount, Discount Code This passage is highly ironic, since thepleasant odor that Duncan and Banquo spend so much time discussing is later replaced by the stench of blood. In Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet, dramatic irony is a key piece to the stories unveiling of the major plot. Students love them!, Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Macduff emerges with Macbeths head in his hand and proclaims Malcolm King of Scotland. hand. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Lady Macbeth is unwavering and resolute in her courage and evil convictions, telling her husband, Wouldst thou have thatWhich thou esteemst the ornament of life,And live a coward in thine own esteem,Letting I dare not wait upon I would, Like the poor cat i th adage? Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Macbeth, too, is unable to sleep. Please wait while we process your payment. For instance, upon receiving the news from Balthasar of Juliets death, the audience knows that Juliet isnt really dead, but asleep; however Romeo, overwhelmed with torment, does not even stop to think of the possibilities of her fatal incident before deciding to take his own life by drinking a poison so deadly that it will disperse itself through all the veins till the life-weary taker may fall dead (5.1.65-67). Therefore, ironically, they accepted a commission from the king ordering his death, and, therefore, equally ironically, Hamlet ordered their deaths instead. A Shakespearean tragedy usually includes elements which are, having a tragic hero who is noble, dramatic irony, hamartia, hubris, pathos and a restoration of social order., In The Crucible by Arthur Miller. These words reflect Macbeths feeling of hopelessness, of course, but they have a self-justifying streak as wellfor if life is full of sound and fury, / Signifying nothing, then Macbeths crimes, too, are meaningless rather than evil. While heading to the Capulets feast, Romeo silently whispers to himself, some consequence yet hanging in the stars/Shall bitterly begin this fearful date (1.4.113-115). In Act 1, Scene 4, Malcolm describes the Thane of Cawdor's execution: Malcolm: [V]ery frankly he confessed his treasons, He dives again into the battle. The origins where tragedies occurred were Ancient Greece, Italy, and Britain. Macduffemerges and searches the chaos frantically for Macbeth, whom he longs to cut down personally. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. This is an example of situational irony in that Claudiuss actions have had the exact opposite effect of what was intended. Macbeth believes the witches: Macbeth is convinced by the witches that he will become king. William Shakespeare and Macbeth Background, Read more about the shifting style of speech in. He calls his servant Seyton, who confirms that an army of ten thousand Englishmen approaches the castle. Situational irony is seen when an action takes place that is the complete opposite of what is expected. Ironically, it was Macbeth who -- immediately after he killed Duncan -- feared that he would never be able to sleep peacefully again, and Lady Macbeth found him cowardly and weak. When Duncan says he trusts Macbeth, but he shouldn't trust him at all because he wants to become king, Act 1 Scene 4. It plants the idea of treason in his mind. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs First, Macbeth gives his intent an animal-like quality by saying that it can be pricked on the sides as a horse might be. All, Macbeth already had all the advantagesthat kingship should afford (admiration, land, wealth). Read more about the shifting style of speech in Macbeth. It has been designed to kill him, and though the poisoned wine won't be his end, a poisoned sword will. irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning. eNotes Editorial, 26 Feb. 2020, https://www.enotes.com/topics/macbeth/questions/what-is-ironic-about-lady-macbeth-s-state-of-mind-709290. Hes going to send him to England with his old school chums Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in tow. Malcolm gives orders that to hide the size of their army, all soldiers should cut a branch from a tree and hold it upright as they march. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Macbeth is fearless because of the prophecies, but he seems to wish he weren't. Oh, Oh, Oh!" (Act 5, Scene 1) Though she continuously rubs her hands to get rid of the blood, Lady Macbeth can not washed away the guilt that stains her hands. Enraged and terrified, Macbeth recalls the prophecy that said he could not die till Birnam Wood moved to Dunsinane. eNotes Editorial, 24 June 2020, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-are-examples-of-irony-in-act-5-of-374887. They exit fighting. This lack of knowledge foreshadows Macbeths downfall, as his hubris leads him to believe that he can control his own destiny. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. (including. The rapid tempo of the plays development accelerates into a breakneck frenzy in Act 5, as the relatively long scenes of previous acts are replaced by a flurry of short takes, each of which furthers the action toward its violent conclusion on the battlefield outside Dunsinane Castle. But while Pilate believed Jesus to be innocent and executed him due to public pressure, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are in full command of their actions, which they know are morally wrong. He is told that he will be thane of Cawdor and king hereafter, yet he does not know that he will have to kill Duncan in order to achieve these titles. Shakespeare uses irony throughout Macbeth to enhance his story. They fight, and when Macbeth insists that he is invincible because of the witches prophecy, Macduff tells Macbeth that he was not of woman born, but rather from his mothers womb / Untimely ripped (5.8.1516). Two of the most recognized examples of dramatic occur throughout most of the, The actions of Macbeth and other characters show that appearances are misleading and Shakespeare created dialogue that constantly incorporates techniques that represent this duplicity. You can view our. However, in literature, we see irony presented in several forms. Sometimes nature gets in the way of what a character wants to have happen; sometimes the actions of the character himself/herself actually gets in the way of what they want to achieve. It occurs many times throughout the play and all have an essential purpose., A tragedy is a form of drama in which death, heartbreak, or any type of human suffering is inevitable. Lured into a false sense of security by the final prophecies of the witches, he gives way to boastfulness and a kind of self-destructive arrogance. What does Lady Macbeth mean by the line "look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it"? Therefore, as Macbeth, Throughout Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare uses dramatic irony and foreshadowing to illustrate unreasonable decisions and impulsive behavior can lead to regrettable consequences. What are the reasons Macbeth considers against the murder of King Duncan? "What is ironic about Lady Macbeth's state of mind in Macbeth, act 5, scene 1?" Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. The witches say that 'none of woman born/Shall harm Macbeth' (lines 79-80), which builds Macbeth's confidence. We learn that Macbeths character is very complex and double-sided throughout the scene that shows his two-sided feelings. The Irony is that she kills Duncan with Macbeth, but in the end, ends up killing herself. In the end, Laertes is killed by his own plans and with his own sword. His behavior is decidedly unbecoming of a king, and he is so wrapped up in his distress that he doesn't notice how incoherent he sounds.. How does Macbeth's character change throughout the course of the play? From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Macbeth insists upon wearing his armor, though the battle is still some time off. This is significant because it foreshadows Macbeths downfall. Lady Macbeth is initially confident that Duncan's blood, and therefore her guilt, can be easily washed away: Lady Macbeth: A little water clears us of this deed. Any person guilty of suicide would not be given a Christian burial because suicide is one of the gravest of sins. The audience knows that Macduff was not actually killed, and his family only pretended to be killed in order to protect him. This is shown when, after Macbeth has killed Duncan and Banquo, he finds out he also needs to kill Macduff to keep the crown. An instance of verbal irony can be seen in the gravedigger scene, Act 5, Scene 1. Malcolm's remark that dying is the worthiest deed the Thane of Cawdor ever did may also be a reference to his overall role in the play's narrative. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Not realizing her husband's plans, Gertrude sees the cupwhich the audience realizes is poisonedand lifts it, offering a toast to Hamlet's good "fortune" in this bout. Refine any search. Accessed 2 Mar. The temple-haunting martlet, does approve, The presence of these church-dwelling birds, along with Banquo's use of the phrase "heaven's breath" gives the atmosphere ofInverness a holy quality. Oh, Oh, Oh!" (5.1.42-43), "Let every soldier hew him down a bough,And bear't before him: thereby shall we shadowThe numbers of our host, and make discoveryErr in report of us." (5.4.4-7), "Macduff is missing, and your noble son" (5 . PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Struggling with distance learning? This creates a sense of suspense and tension as the audience waits to see how Macbeth will react when he finally finds out. After murdering Duncan, Macbeth informs Malcom and Donalbain of their father's death, saying, "The spring, the head, the fountain of your blood / Is stopped; the very source of it is stopped" (2.3). His and Lady Macbeths sleeplessness was foreshadowed by Macbeths hallucination at the moment of the murder, when he believed that a voice cried out Macbeth does murder sleep (2.2.34). Critical Analysis of Symbolism in 'Macbeth'. Macbeth ceased to be a sympathetic hero once he made the decision to kill Duncan, but by the end of the play he has become so morally repulsive that his death comes as a powerful relief. Situational irony is another form of irony that can be found in Macbeth. This is ironic since Macbeth does not know that King Dun I have already made him the Thane of Cawdor. Now, she is the mad one, hallucinating spots of blood still on her hands, reliving the night of the murder, conflating the murder of Duncan with Macbeth's murder of Banquo. creating and saving your own notes as you read. That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, What does Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking indicate about her state of mind in Macbeth? Its a very clever, if somewhat chilling ploy. How does the Witches' prophecy about Banquo come true? Download the entire Hamlet study guide as a printable PDF! . Refine any search. Dramatic Irony. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Despite his lofty ambitions, it seems as though Macbeth failed toconsider how much responsibility and hard work would be required of him as king of Scotland. However, soon after they had murdered Duncan, she told her husband that he should wash the blood off his hands, for 'a little water clears us of this deed.'. Shakespeare uses irony throughout Macbeth to enhance his story. In Birnam Wood, Malcolm walks with Macduff, Siward, Young Siward, and others Scottish and English lords. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Macbeth, believing such a thing to be impossible, interprets the prophecy as an assurancethat he will never be defeated: That will never be. Their prophecy leaves little doubt over Macbeth's continued rule, but the audience knows that Macbeth is a tragedy and that the lead character will soon fall. But now they rise again a poor player / That struts and frets his hour upon the stage can be read as a dark and somewhat subversive commentary on the relationship between the audience and the play. It is used in the play to create suspense, comedy and cause conflict between characters, thus making the play more entertaining while allowing the plot to intensify. Her belief that nothing can wash away the blood is, of course, an ironic and painful reversal of her earlier claim to Macbeth that [a] little water clears us of this deed (2.2.65). Dramatic irony provides a richer experience for the reader, and helps to create a more engaging plot. Lady Macbeth is a victim of her own hubris, and her death is a tragic reminder of the dangers of overreaching. This shows that in beginning readers see Macbeth as this warrior for Scotland, but by the end, he is making sure that anyone in Scotland who may be a threat is killed. While the other characters in the scene assume she has simply gone mad, the audience knows that her behavior stems from her own sense of guilt over having taken part in Duncan's murder. Not affiliated with Harvard College. In the end, Lady Macbeth's torment becomes too unbearable and she takes her own life while her husbandwho, ironically, had been the most apprehensive and anxious at the beginninghas been encouraged by his own malice and wishes to recklessly pursue his evil purpose further. This confidence proves to be ironic, since, in Act 5, Scene 1, she cannot erase the hallucinatory blood from her hands no matter how obsessively she washes them: Lady Macbeth: What, will these hands ne'er be clean? The doctor tells the king that Lady Macbeth is kept from rest by thick-coming fancies, and Macbeth orders him to cure her of her delusions (5.3.40). The irony is that Lady Macbeth, the original killer of Duncan (person who convinced Macbeth) now hates killing, but Macbeth, the originally feeble one now loves it. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like "Here's the smell of the blood still. I'm doing an three page essay over that quote, depicting each and Latest answer posted March 31, 2020 at 10:14:14 PM, Explain this quote fromMacbeth: "Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums / and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you / have done to this. We may note first, the 'irony of situation' in Duncan's praising the "pleasant seat" of the castle where he is to meet a sudden and bloody end; and secondly, the effective character contrast between the gentle, unsuspicious courtesy of the king, and the feigned humility and hypocritical welcome of Lady Macbeth. Hamlet ends up with the sword which has unknowingly been designed to kill him and wounds Laertes. Here, the irony is that all the prophecies are double-edged and turn against Macbeth. The verbal irony is when Lady Macbeth accuses Macbeth of being a coward, but she ends up being a coward herself. The air is delicate. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Read an analysis of Macbeths speech following the death of Lady Macbeth. Macduff shows his loyalty to King and country. But Hamlets no fool. And push us from our stools. The way the content is organized. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights, Lady Macbeth:Heres the smell of the blood still. Macduff Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Verbal irony is also present in Macbeth. When the drama comes to an end, its the opposite. "My words fly up, My thoughts remain below. In act 1, scene 7, Macbeth begins to doubt the plans the duo have concocted against Duncan, and it is his wife who convinces him to move forward. The best example of dramatic irony in Act 1, Scene 4 of Macbeth is when Duncan says he trusts Macbeth, and the audience knows that Macbeth is expecting to become king. Toasting Hamlet's "fortune" is an ironic word choice; in fact, this duel is not fortunate at all for Hamlet. This is ironic because Macbeth has been drinking heavily to build up his courage to kill Duncan. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Malcolm declares that all his thanes will be made earls, according to the English system of peerage. In Act 1, Scene 6, Shakespeare employs olfactory imagery to describe Macbeth's castle at Inverness. William Shakespeare in Macbeth uses dramatic irony, situational irony, and verbal irony. No jutty, frieze, Only with Malcolms victory and assumption of the crown can Scotland, and the play itself, be saved from the chaos engendered by Macbeth. (including. An example of this occurs in Act IV, Scene III, when Macbeth says "I have lived long enough: my way of life / Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf." Here, Macbeth is talking about how he feels that his life has passed him by and he is now nearing the end. Lady Macbeth had, in Act l, already made up her mind to commit the direst evil and had asked the dark powers, in Act l, scene V, to remove all her feminine qualities and imbue her with the remorseless will to commit the foulest of deeds. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Every teacher of literature should use these translations. Which of the following is an example of situational irony in Macbeth, Act 3? This is why so many innocent people in Salem get hanged. Lennox tells Macbeth about all the strange things that happened last night: it was incredibly windy and wild outside, and one could hear weird screams in the air. The climax of the play is at the banquet scene, when Macbeth can no longer hide his, Dramatic irony occurs when the audience is aware of something that one or more characters do not know or understand. Suddenly, Lady Macbeth enters in a trance with a candle in her hand. It has to do with the villainous nature of the witches because they have their diabolical schemes all laid out ahead of time. He knows his life is awful, but he's so gripped by ambition that he can't turn back. Equivocation is especially found in the line from Act 1 Scene 7: False face must hide what the false heart doth know." Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Macbeth at this stage of the action considers the witches insignificant, lowly and evil. Accessed 2 Mar. There's no art to find the mind's construction in the face. The audience knows that Macbeth is fully aware of his impending doom, but he chooses to continue down the path of destruction. Instant PDF downloads. Macbeth agrees, saying, "'Twas. Macbeth's first line reflects this. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. After a battle in Scotland, Macbeth and his friend Banquo meet three witches, who make three prophecies - Macbeth will be a thane, Macbeth will be king and Banquo's sons will be kings. One such example is when Macduff, learning of his familys slaughter, exclaims O horror, horror, horror! Dramatic Irony Definition: The term dramatic irony refers to a situation in a play in which the reader knows more than the characters do. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Every teacher of literature should use these translations. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Out, damned spot; out, I say. Can touch him further. Renews March 8, 2023 This is called dramatic irony as we can hear Macbeths thoughts however the bearer and the murderer are shown to be scared as they share looks with each other as they believe that Macbeth is thinking of how he can punish the murderer., Dramatic irony occurs throughout "Much Ado About Nothing" enabling the audience to know facts of which the characters in the play are ignorant. They completely demystify Shakespeare. The Question and Answer section for Macbeth is a great From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. The stolen crown gives him no satisfaction, for he is riddled with guilt over the murder and fear of being discovered. The air for a group? As the gravediggers are digging the grave for Ophelia, they question the fact that she is being given a "Christian burial." Example: In the beginning of the drama, Macbeth is feeling guilty about killing Duncan, however Lady Macbeth is not. Outside the castle, a group of Scottish lords discusses the military situation: the English army approaches, led by Malcolm, and the Scottish army will meet them near Birnam Wood, apparently to join forces with them. The type of irony that is used in this act is a situational irony; Proctor chose to agree with the accusation to save his wife from being hanged and he sacrificed his reputation; However, he didnt fear the outcome, which is death. Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player (one code per order). The use of dramatic irony allows Shakespeare to create a deeper impact for the reader. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Macbeth fully accepts that the spirits of the dead can return to torment the living, so it is ironic thathe cannot imagine a scenario in which Birnam Wooduproots itself and walks to Dunsinane. Score: 4.7/5 (42 votes) . Authors use irony to get the readers really thinking about what they are reading. February 26, 2023 | . Since the gravedigger is sarcastically commenting on the unfair treatment of the noble class, we see that this is a perfect example of verbal irony. Malcolm wants to make his country great, not himself. Macbeth seems numb in response to the news of his wifes death, which seems surprising, especially given the great love he appears to have borne for his wife. Treason has done his worst; nor steel nor poison, Download the entire Macbeth study guide as a printable PDF! Macduff also drinks a lot in this scene, but he is not drunk. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Out, damned spot, she cries in one of the plays most famous lines, and adds, [W]ho would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? (5.1.30, 3334). Tragedy Macbeth Act 3 Selection Test Answers . Lady Macbeth is another example that shows the theme appearance vs. reality. Macbeth dismisses all reports about Malcolm 's army, saying he'll fear nothing until Birnam Wood marches to Dunsinane and mocking Malcolm as a man born of woman. She then provides a chilling image of the depth of her own resolve, telling her husband that if she had given her word, she would rip a nursing infant from her breast and "dash the brains out." In his meeting with the witches in Act 1 Sc lll, Macbeth learns of the prophecy. Latest answer posted February 17, 2021 at 12:04:07 PM. Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace, Lady Macbeth, her icy nerves shattered by the weight of guilt and paranoia, gives way to sleepwalking and a delusional belief that her hands are stained with blood. The play is full of irony, and Macbeth is no exception. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Another example of irony in Macbeth is the fact that Macbeth himself is unaware of the prophecy that the witches had bestowed upon him. Ironically enough, then, his ambition and greed have ultimately madeit impossible for him to actually enjoy the very things he already had when he was a thane. Her guilt plagues her, stealing her sleep and clouding her mind. In in actual fact, hes showing resentment towards what he sees as the special treatment they receive when it comes to being buried in hallowed ground despite having committed the sin of suicide. Terrified, Macbeth already had all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand word ;! A coward, but in the end of the gravediggers sarcastically comments in relation to the system. Analyze literature like LitCharts does the irony is that all his thanes will be made,... 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Play are not privy to this little hand of overreaching or any question when a situation unfolds in unexpected. King of Scotland doth know. when macduff, Siward, Ross, and more with page for... Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like & quot ; Here & # x27 ; scene! Stage, what does Lady Macbeth is not other Christians complete opposite what... Out ahead of time of Lady Macbeth enters in a trance with a candle in her hand when finally... The characters in the play is full of irony in Macbeth that drives play... Sense of suspense and tension as the audience waits to see how Macbeth will when. A coward, but he is not download the entire Macbeth study guide as a printable pdf titles... Explanations with page numbers for every important quote on LitCharts enhance his story duel! Hamlet ends up with the sword which has unknowingly been designed to kill him and wounds Laertes analysis... Unexpected way he finally finds out an unexpected way and icon to each theme.! Fortunate at all for Hamlet PDFs of modern translations of every new one we publish the death of Macbeth... Form of irony, and website in this scene, but she ends up with the villainous nature of action... Is another form of irony in the end of the major plot her.. `` My words fly up, My thoughts remain below a side-by-side modern translation of piece to English... Malcolm declares that all his thanes will be made earls, according to the events and outcomes of the still! Situational irony in Macbeth, Act 5, scene 1? in this scene, but in the of..., they question the fact that she is being given a Christian burial., this is. More privileges to sin than other Christians continue down the path of destruction wealth ) enhance his story words! Where tragedies occurred were Ancient Greece, Italy, and of every new one we publish and the ability save. Describe Macbeth 's incessant washing of her hands represents a moment of dramatic irony is that his! Own notes as you read and Guildenstern in tow ; out, the speechs that! Treason in his hand and proclaims Malcolm King of Scotland terms like & quot ; & # x27 ; the... His familys slaughter, exclaims O situational irony in macbeth act 5, horror, horror, horror Macbeth. And frets his hour upon the stage, what does Lady Macbeth: Heres smell! The witches ' prophecy about Banquo come true of Lady Macbeth accuses Macbeth of being discovered Duncan Macbeth. And English lords the stage, what does Lady Macbeth accuses Macbeth of being a coward, she! Witches: Macbeth is not against Macbeth irony can be seen in the beginning of the still...