The survey asks respondents whetherin the past one yearthey participated in any of four common methods of civic engagement: working with others in their community to solve a problem; performing voluntary community service without pay; attending a public meeting, such as for a school board or city council; or attending a protest march, demonstration, or rally. To a certain extent, however, many of these factors are inseparable. The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. Diwali and Holi are largely celebrated by Hindus, while very few non-Muslims commemorate Eid. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. The largest immigrant group in the United States is the: Italians French Germans Irish Germans The second largest immigrant group to settle in this country is the: Italians French Germans Irish Italians By the time Greek people emigrated to this country, the demand for labor had decreased. In the same exchange, Biden later added: One of the reasons why were such an incredible country is were such a diverse country. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. 34 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 2022. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. Texas, Florida and New York had more than 4 million immigrants each. The length of ones stay in the United States also plays an important role in shaping self-identification. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. To measure interreligious social distance, the survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends that are Hindu or Muslim. These are some questions this paper attempts to address. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. He is the author of When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics and hosts a weekly Carnegie podcast on Indian politics and policy, Grand Tamasha. . We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the community's diversity too has grown. The next most common responsethose claiming no religious affiliation (a category that includes agnostics and atheists)accounts for 16 percent of the sample. First, as noted above, the data on caste identification is restricted to Hindu respondents. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. citizens. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. However, todays immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S. The data described below unambiguously reveal a high degree of polarization, although its structure is asymmetric. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. 9% of Minnesotans are immigrants, up from 5% in 2000 but down from 37% in the late 1800s. Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006. Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. El Salvador 17,907. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). One-quarter of all respondents self-identify as Indian while 7 percent choose the term Asian Indian.. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. . The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. In fiscal year 2019, about 800,000 immigrants applied for naturalization. It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. 6 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2015-January 2018, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf. How Do Indian Americans View India? The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). We bring the best out of every single solitary culture in the world here in the United States of America, and we give people an opportunity to let their dreams run forward.2. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. These findings raise two questions worthy of further exploration: Why does political polarization among Indian Americans differ from that characterizing Americans at large? At Carnegie, we owe special thanks to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial assistance. Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). 13Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India? Want the news delivered straight to your inbox? This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. Homophilythe tendency of individuals to associate with people similar to themselvesis a strong determinant of social networks.41 But which dimensionreligion, region of origin, or castedrives ones associations? While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. Favorite. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. Overall, 19 percent of respondents report having a spouse who is not of Indian origin, but this is slightly more common among men (22 percent) than women (16 percent). The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. A very small minority, around 10 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees. What are the demographic characteristics of Indian Americans? India tops that list in 21 states. Send a Message. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. 46 Given how polarized views of Modi are and the fact that he has become synonymous with the BJP, it is possible thatmuch like Trump and the American contextthe asymmetry in social distance could be a product of the BJPs current leadership. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. How do Indian Americans relate to the Indian American community writ large. Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. If the rate of population growth and influx of new immigrants from the region continues in the next couple of years, Asians will be the largest immigrant group by 2055 according to the Center. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. Nearly half or around 45% of all Asian immigrants or those of Asian origins live in the West, with around a third (31%) currently living in California . This is identical to the share of all Americans who report attending services at least once a week, based on a 2020 Pew survey.25 Forty percent, the modal category, of Indian Americans report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. One should treat these findings with caution. Not Indian-Americans, simply Americans. Around the same time, Nina Davuluri (who was crowned Miss America 2014) remarked, The fact that I am rooted in Indian culture helped me win [the] Miss America pageant.11. This quiz has not been published by Sporcle, Open a modal to take you to registration information, Button that open a modal to initiate a challenge, Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield, Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield, Countries of the World - No Outlines Minefield, Continents by Number of Countries in Order, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Asia, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Europe, Find the Provinces of Canada - No Outlines Minefield, UK Immigrant Origin Countries by Continent. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. 33 One might also expect variation based on a respondents age. This section reviews two aspects of the social context within which Indian Americans operate. It focuses on three issues: membership in Indian American organizations, divisions within the Indian American community (and the drivers of those divisions), and the role the Indian American community plays in U.S.-India relations. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. To what extent does the community exhibit signs of shared solidarity, and are there signs of division as the group grows in number and diversity? The October 2020 IAAS study found that Indian Americans who identify as Democrats rate the Republican Party and former president Donald Trump very unfavorably.44 Republicans, for their part, view the Democrats, current President Joe Biden, and Vice President Kamala Harris in equally unfavorable terms. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? The data for this survey are based on a unique survey of 1,200 adults of Indian origin conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020. We would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study possible. Nearly half (45%) of the nations immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. Ohio was home to 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and 42,227 children who were immigrants. When it comes to discussing politics with family and friends, there are only small differences across citizenship status. The results are shown in figure 22. Christians, whose views are represented in the bottom two horizontal bars of figure 22, hold roughly similar attitudes toward both Hindus and Muslims. Given that there are many more Indian Americans who are Hindu in the IAAS sampleand the fact that nearly half of Christians and Muslims report that all or most of their friends share their religionthis means that both Christians and Muslims have substantially more religious homophily, relative to Hindus. Table 2 presents results of the most common languages among respondents, restricting attention to languages identified by at least 2 percent of respondents. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. By tidal93341. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. Much larger shares believe that other minority groups face greater discrimination than Indian Americans, including Latino Americans (90 percent), LGBTQ Americans (89 percent), African Americans (86 percent), and women (86 percent). The margin of error for the full sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent. What is the largest immigrant group in America? An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. Responses are divided neatly into thirds when it comes to who is doing the discriminating: Indians, non-Indians, and people of both categories are almost equally to blame.49. Sign up for notifications from Insider! In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). However, the results point in the opposite direction. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. May 3, 2016. 45 Carroll Doherty, Which Party is More to Blame for Political Polarization? First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. Cuba 16,367. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). Nearly one in two respondents (45 percent) report discussing politics in the past yearby far the most common activity. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Black Americans. To deselect, click outside of the U.S. map. Just 12 percent report that hardly any or none of their friends share the respondents religion. A few findings merit attention. The differences are especially stark for Diwali and Indian Independence Day, where the gap between the two groups is on the order of 20 percentage points. How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? 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