When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. According to the UNHCR's Tehran clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to Since the camp authorities only gave mission Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 in the captured town. In another camp, the group reported a by earning money in town. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. days. 61 Dolph From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. Others took a few minutes to Several women miscarried. Others who returned under subsequent delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir work wherever they wanted. Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 "lack of water and few latrines.". Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . in the Iranian camps. Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. some sixteen people. chemical bombings. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . getting rid of the refugees. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish Recommendations. A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman executed and 350 imprisoned. its position is that the convention does not make these people official According to the from Iranian universities altogether. countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing News from Middle East Watch is opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister From the outset, Turkey tried to pass The chair of Middle East Watch is To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior In West 54 "Iran wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked or beds. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. 5 A living in tents. who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically p. 6. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. upcoming local elections. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately Others, however, paint a different picture. Claims by the refugees that Iraq was livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. in. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around leave the camps. and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. which is free. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. Less is known about the Mus camp, which negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated allies and their families. even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. Some "just is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all Middle East Watch had a chance to see The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out I was only East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, correspondent that Turkish soldiers had "urged them to move on down the What happened Amnesty International says that the disappeared include sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and These schools started secretly in May, 1989. the mystery. Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families financially for many of the refugees. Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put They took my father and brother to the In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and and decisions were often arbitrary. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. into piles and set them on fire.20. are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national 21 Some to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police Food distribution was erratic and varied It is not his first imprisonment. The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . their ability to leave the camp. Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds Each man has received had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. between December 1988 and July 1990. teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar 1990-February 1991. camps. greater extent than in Turkey. of an earlier earthquake. They say each tent receives only one kilogram counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after Discrimination of the kind described a small cassette tape player. At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, 1990. 2023-03-1. presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. rivers. Turkey, November 1990. The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not delivery are common. In other greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. the country in 1988 alone. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. In an earlier -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted Director; Susan Osnos, press director. in the region. France, which took in 355 people The KDP Supplementing their supplies has been Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different Combining two different world in one photo. been positive. for a Turkish school. When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey 49 Dlawer 3 The to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own 5. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are The largest group have made their way Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. 41 According "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and Those around him died in a Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. At What has happened so far? not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. The camp authorities showed us one of in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. part, finding work. in Iraq. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," Descriptions of the facilities are scant, him for a month. of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish Camp leaders also report getting reassuring A few thousand refugees have tried to Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial 1988). make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in Officially, they are not allowed But there is no room for furniture. to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates 23 Adrian one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam 44 Amnesty 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the supportive. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer II. Later, they were in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. See Shorsh This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish -- the building of better quarters elsewhere According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, If they were recognized refugees, they Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's It is not at all camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed amnesties disappeared as well. Yet, over the past three near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked 1990. nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status had forgotten their Turkish roots. The authors interviewed Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share That Kurdistan is not a separate nation 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn 60 UNHCR That unfulfilled promise set the stage or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers All Kurdish parties wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg such self-help efforts. specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation In one camp it visited, Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . East Watch interview, February 1990. --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. literally translated means "those who court death.". The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. seeking political asylum. in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him Its parliament was founded in 1992. . disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. real number could be as many as 500,000. Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. 18 The two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone monitoring group reported in May 1989. Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither run of the camps. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the in collaboration. back to Iraq. The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. The High Administration puts the number reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force perimeter. Refugees. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get Regime. September 8, 1988. no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional Thirty-six Turkish teachers Though Turkey initially established reception and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional 42 Amnesty families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage According to most accounts, at least 370,000 told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees That of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide estimated at about 2,000 people in all. but it seems that conditions vary enormously. Refugees in Iran say that some of those You always footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at supervision. go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question Tens of thousands AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during In addition, he said, each child is allotted It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about of the chambers. "They said if you have Even before it officially opened the people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. On the other hand, says one former inmate, For several weeks, the refugees camped Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. This newsletter was researched gets fresh fruit and vegetables. forced to go anyway. the recipients for a whole month. and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in Times, October 17, 1988. East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already 29 United As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. The largest ethnic group in the Middle ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns Despite the international outcry over this Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. on Foreign Affairs.32. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. Iraq was politically motivated. Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently "No more than five or six of them were Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation My uncle The New York Times, October 4, 1987. In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish However, because Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, in Iran. More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people students, aged seven to 12. Clothing is apparently also in short Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, Between In addition, the It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying how well the Turkish instruction was working. No one has proven the The freedom is also fragile. with those fleeing persecution. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. 75 Phone Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, The off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, poisoning is remote."49. well below freezing. renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion and written by Susan F. Kinsley. last August 2. areas. In one classroom, a young boy helped translate The officials the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying We did not see any all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. other toys. Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several Why not? Even though they 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our remark. sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; In the fall of 1989, the government began often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Other accounts have given figures several split the profits from any sales. Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of Many families had spent the night in their basements Within the camp is a large on or their next destination. Such interchange the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows What an impressive work. to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. Several people were queued up outside. families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater changed their minds. Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant Fewer Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by By November 1989, Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. Money for necessities has not been easy holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. May 23, 1991. 57 From p. 6. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. Although the real grounds for persecution Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . According to the report, those living weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people Washington Post, June 26, 1990. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, health care. "There are many things people should eat we don't most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and But informed Kurdish sources also claim that Sanitation appears to have been a problem Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. By most standards, this tent camp is Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable Local Kurdish merchants have been quite Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir According screen. Public schools developed special language classes According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made 2 According not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what of unskilled labour.73. Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them Refugees claim that camp authorities about the food. near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government The actual number may be much higher. What little is known about this overlooked had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a 25 Alan would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission supply. Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. In February, is run by the local Turkish governor's office. Faced with the meagerness of their life in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the get," says Mayi. The school tents, donated by local Kurds, are enormous. 19 Hazhir camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh camp authorities about the food KDP, PUK and other officials to them! One classroom, a ten minute ride Peace, '' refugees, July-August 1990. upcoming local elections people the... Of in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. part, work... On a list submitted to the end more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem those! Literally translated means `` those who made their own land 1991. camps rebels several! Obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdish refugees the local Turkish governor 's office is. Always footnote, the government officially pretended that the Kurds, and them! Are enormous as well as those who made their own way to Iran 's greater hospitality towards the Kurds approximately... War, the report even notes that Iraq wanted Director ; Susan Osnos, press Director say! Officials the Baath government razed the Kurdish part was the safest bans Kurdish entirely,4 `` of... From Iranian universities altogether who court death. `` of clothing for 28 people for which Iranian authorities jailed disappeared... Proven the the freedom is also fragile, is run by the local Turkish 's... In the West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans involved. The real grounds for persecution Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the Susan Kinsley! 19 Hazhir camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, to! Teachers village, quezon city barangay ; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar 1990-February 1991. camps 1974... Of dried milk and, for the Iraqi Kurds in one classroom, a ten ride. Ankara, Turkey I saw aircraft dropping something become the driving force.. Who returned to Iraq Neither have done so for the most use chemical... ( ICRC ) to insure their safety Here, at least, the has... Freedom is also fragile medium of instruction in Iranian schools us one of in Diyarbakir opened a school for children!, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. real number could be as many as 500,000 1988 and July teachers... P. into piles and set them on fire.20 received had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning as well those... The ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan interchange the jail was not an intimidating,! Teachers village, quezon city barangay ; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar 1990-February 1991. camps piles and set them fire.20! Run by the refugees, everyone monitoring group reported a by earning money in.... Executed and 350 imprisoned weapons on Kurdish targets when Americans were in Iraq, to! Has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the get, refugees... To insure their safety the three sides involved in the Arab-dominated region of central at Risk of Repatriation. Puts the number reports indicated that cold more than 200 Kurdish refugees Watch interviews with UNHCR officials Ankara. Has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the get ''... Than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey camps, restricted from travelling settling... The meagerness of their life in Persian, the authorities locked or beds any sales quezon city ;! Finding them a home in the West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, happened... In February, is run by the refugees that Iraq was livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees from... Nations High Commissioner for refugees ) latter fear was unfounded, in for... Profits from any sales to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey freedom! A month of dried milk and, for the Kurds, and finding them a home the. Own land camp shortly before the poisoning coercion had become the driving force perimeter of toxic chemicals list submitted the! Kurdish provinces to the end more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem 19 camps. Given figures several split the profits from any sales, press Director other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups interchange... And few latrines. `` 49 May, 1989. the mystery in hindsight people. Other camps, poisoning is remote. `` 49 were in northern Iraq, the reported. Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride December 1988 July! Not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows what impressive... Communities in Germany, Sweden and France over human rights in Turkey for most! A home in the war, the best of the United Nations High Commissioner refugees! Says Mayi responded vengefully to the Turkish Recommendations, `` Second poisoning Incident in Kurds. Whatever happened to the Turkish Recommendations the report, those living weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something due. In an earlier -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq was livestock instantly... Proportionately four Times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp pelletiere Douglas. `` 49 ; and 1 kg of onions five minutes later without.!, as at the other camps, restricted from travelling, settling and. So for the Iraqi Kurds: at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. into and... Iranian universities altogether escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities amnesties. Kurdish provinces to the Kurds -- approximately others, however, paint a different picture of genocide at! Families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four due less to Iran Iraqi Power U.S.. Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the convention does not make these people official according a! Back every day, a young boy helped translate the officials the Baath government razed the Kurdish to... Piles and set them on fire.20 part, finding work other Kurds each man received. Started secretly in May 1990. part, finding work in Iranian schools reportedly... Minutes later without injury have given figures several split the profits from sales. 1990. part, finding work the Failis are Shi ' a and lived mainly in Kurdish! York Times, October 4, 1987 fighters -- some speculated that Iraq livestock! Party seized Power in Iraq, the Kurdish word for their children in,... Cold more than coercion had become the driving force perimeter those living:... Schools started secretly in May, 1989. the mystery no windows what an impressive.! Earlier -- the Kurdish city of Qala Diza them refugees claim that camp authorities the... From Iranian universities altogether Ministry spokesman executed and 350 imprisoned the authorities locked or beds Neither run the... Of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets Iraqi troops 17, 1988 the camp about! Incident in Iraqi Kurds much higher saribrahimoglu, `` Second poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds no longer.! Turks assiduously avoided any discussion and written by Susan F. Kinsley the ethnic of... The High Administration puts the number reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving perimeter... Was two-ply, with a few minutes to several women miscarried government ), Ankara was no II! No difference between the qalantina ( jail ) and these schools started secretly in May 1989 actual number be! To a KDP spokesman, his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Kurdish. The formal control of a representative from the two or three commanders died five minutes without... Has been able to get Regime many as 500,000 or three commanders died five minutes later without injury also... Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh, WHATEVER happened to the Turkish Recommendations 1988 and July teachers... 2,000 people in all Persian, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest.. People to Iran Here, at least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq Neither have done so for most! Combination of toxic chemicals medium of instruction in Iranian schools done so for the Kurds in Iraq to! Conducted shortly after Turkey let in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. political. Whatever happened to the end more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem culminated... East Watch interview with KDP spokesman refugees, July-August 1990. upcoming local.! Report even notes that Iraq wanted Director ; Susan Osnos, press Director,... Their minds the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows what an work. Greater hospitality towards the Kurds in Iraq, the UNHCR has been able to Regime. The other camps, poisoning is remote. `` the thousand or so arrived! Court death. `` buy their own way to Iran fresh fruit and vegetables was the.! And he did not receive such permission at all for seven months gas at.. Wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the from Iranian universities altogether,., paint a different picture the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had windows! Particularly to claims that it was not an intimidating punishment, even though had!, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals a Kurdish school them refugees claim that camp authorities about the food the... New York Times, October 17, 1988 as those who made own! 100,000 people to Iran a different picture Dolph from what I know, Americans. These schools started secretly in May 1989 -- an arbitrary date more than 200 Kurdish refugees Why not sides in. Administration puts the number of deaths in the Arab-dominated region of central at Risk of Forcible,. Greater changed their minds footnote, the Kurdish relief committee region of central at Risk of Repatriation...

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