When a tennis ball hits the ground, an opposite and equal force, pushes the bottom surface of the ball in and compresses the gas inside its core. It is the relaxation that occurs both during and after the stretch that is significant. Thus it takes quick reaction time and reflexes to play at higher levels. Assuming these conclusions will hold for any surface since, the surface should not change the temperature relationship with the ball, but different variations in bounce height should be found with different surfaces. http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Find a tennis ball, and put it inside a freezer for about 20 minutes with a thermometer next to it. When a lack of fit analysis was completed the f statistic were both above 35 with a p value of zero, this indicates that there is a linear relationship but there still might be a even better fit. As bonds break and reorient, tension decreases. First, the temperature that they are playing at is significantly effecting the game, and second, there is no difference in championship and non-championship balls bounce. The result is more viscous behavior with chains slipping, sliding, and reorienting relative to each other. The first bounce is usually the most accurate since as the ball is exposed, the temperature rapidly changes. The higher the pressure, the more the ball will bounce, and vice versa. Heating before tensioning would simulate the effect of temperature during the stringing/tensioning process. Analyze the data, and make a conclusion stating if the temperature of a tennis ball affects how high it bounces. Stress relaxation during stretching is somewhat invisible to our measuring instruments but a very good example of its effect can be seen in Figure 13. The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. However, at 63, The learning quesiton that I chose required me to perform atleast one exercise for each major muscle group on a stability ball. (Borlings, 2011)Rubber could harness more kinetic energy than other materials that were used, so the balls began to bounce higher. Video footage will also be utilised to measure the bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion. It uses a lot of muscle memory. The result differed from expectation in that, except for 4 strings, the 40 preheat scenario had the least loss of tension. The stiffness, k, is calculated as k = dF/dx, where dF is the increase in the force when elongation increases by dx. In particular, tennis strings can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions. The question of concern was whether adding heat after stabilization would start (or accelerate) tension loss. Thus most of the equalizing will take place in the longer relaxation phase. The balls pressure is also known to reduce as it is used, which causes it to stop bouncing after being used for a while. How Do Different Surfaces Effect The Bounce Of A Tennis Ball? My daughter is in the 5th grade and she is doing this experiment. For a future topic related to this subject, I would like to see if the age of a tennis ball also affects how it bounces. 28 Oct. 2014. This increased energy and movement results in a higher bounce. Synthetic materials hold up better, on the other hand. For nylon, the 40 string loses more tension than the 20 string. Six tennis balls Its important for players to take their own preferencesand goalsinto account to get the most out of the tools at their disposal. The greatest effect observed in this experiment was that exposing a string to high temperatures after post-tensioning stabilization/relaxation has occurred (as in leaving the racquet in the car during hot weather) produces the greatest decrease in tension. There isnt a lot of pressure in the ball, but enough so that the air molecules can freely move and so that if there is a gap inside, the molecules can slide to cover it. What is so dramatic during this post-tensioning-heating phase is that there is only tension reduction, not a competition between tension increase and relaxation, as there is during tensioning. (2011). The tennis ball was then dropped from various heights; 1, 1.5 and 2 meters above a hard surface, using a meter ruler, before it was dropped onto the ground and the resulting bounce height measured. Frigid temperatures will generally cause strings to act as if they are made of a stiffer material, resulting in less elasticity and ability to rebound the ball given each unit of tension. Exploratorium: That's The Way The Ball Bounces. (Borlings, 2011) From the 1920s, the process of making a tennis ball was based on the clover-leaf principlewhere a sheet of rubber was shaped into a three-leaf clover. Hold a ball so its lowest point is at the 1 metre point. After, use a meter stick or a tape measure and measure one meter, or one hundred centimeters. The first setup (Figure 1) was used to measure tension vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. Place four tennis balls in a freezer, four in a refrigerator, four at room temperature and four outside in the sun. (Wikipedia, 2012)Traditional tennis balls were also made from a spherical stitchedenvelopeof leather or cloth stuffed with rags, horsehair or similar material. The expected result was that the tension loss would increase for each string by about the same amount, regardless of whether it was heated before tensioning or after tensioning. Now that we have conducted the experiment and determined that the hotter balls tend to bounce higher, how does this apply to the real world? That is why tension loss in itself can be a misleading indicator of string performance. Equipment: - two tennis balls - a refrigerator - tape measurer - video camera - bluetack Variables: in my school i finish up in 2nd place thank u very much. The test was conducted with 14 strings at three temperatures 0 C, 20 C, and 40 C (however, strings 8-15 were not recorded for the 0 C test) . I believe that many people from all populations should incoroporate the stability, Paintball Guns use co2 to propel the paintballs. The reason is that the impact energy is composed of a much greater mass and slower velocity than a ball bouncing from a surface or a racquet hitting a ball. History Of Tennis Balls Who Invented The Tennis Ball? It is the other way around for polyester the 20 string loses more tension than the 40 string. Signature: ___________________________________________________. A combined analysis for both ball 1 and ball 2 will be used for drawing conclusions since both balls behaved in a similar manor. But during winters chilly temperatures, that ball can become your enemy. Analysis of the data will either conclude that the common practices of opening a new can balls often is necessary to keep a consistent bounce height, or show that it is unnecessary and balls out of cans previously opened bounce with the same height as newly opened cans. Secondly, testing our experiment with two different balls of the same type to ensure that they reflect the same amount of result. Place the tape measurer against the edge of a wall using the bluetack 3. During fast volley bouts your muscles often react. The residual vs. Humidity plots 13, 14 both show grouping with poor randomness and thus would not be considered good. Try comparing a baseball to a golf ball or a tennis ball. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball, Your email address will not be published. Players often wonder how storing their racquets in the trunk of their car during extreme hot or cold weather would influence tension and performance? Tension Loss. This type of heating has a permanent effect. Heat exposure after stringing a racquet is more significant than exposure during stringing. A common question among tennis players is whether or not they should string their racquets differently in winter vs summer, or from hot days to cold days. That being, if the temperature of a ping pong ball (coefficient of restitution of 0.82) alter, then the bounce height will be positively proportional to the temperature where an increase of heat will allow for a greater bounce height, as the increase of . Temperature Cubic ANOVA, Table 14: Ball 2 vs. This allows more elongation at lower stresses than occur at lower temperatures. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from ITF Tennis: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. (2011, March 11). Tension was recorded throughout the process. Once we have the readings from each of the balls you have dropped and observed in the previous step, we need to determine the average reading. A residual analysis was next completed for the liner regression. The lack of fit test shown in the same tables indicates a high lack of fit test statistic in both cases in excess of 600, well above what would be required for a good fit, this concludes that the regression might not be linear. By using a 1 meter ruler to measure the bounce height in centimeters. When a liner model was tried in Tables 5, 6 the p-values of zero confirmed the suspicion that there was indeed a significant relationship. A good example of this would be, when designing buildings to survive in areas where earthquakes happen frequently. . Figure 4 Experimental setup for testing stiffness and string tension vs elongation. This is not the expected result. Record the temperature on the thermometer. A quadratic fit was next tried it is represented in Tables 9, 10 and Graphs 7, 8. Top "The Effect of Temperature on a Bouncing Ball." The Effect of Temperature on a Bouncing Ball. The experiment will show if temperature affects the height of a bouncing tennis ball. The hypothesis was confirmed as the room. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. A normal tennis ball has a rubber core occupied with a gas that is composed of unorganized molecules or atoms that move around freely. Tennis balls were first made in the early 1300s. Thus, each string at 0 C was stiffest, followed by 20 C and 40 C (Figure 7). Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. Tests with this apparatus were conducted at 20 C and 40 C. 20 C was room temperature with air conditioning. Figure 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials. This ranged from 30 to 76 percent more tension loss, depending on the string. A thousand seconds after achieving target tension and being clamped off, the string that took only 1 second to stretch to target tension lost almost 3 Kg more tension than the one that took 26 seconds. Why don't you do an experiment. The thing that is changing is the temperature of the tennis ball. (Harriman, 2012)Likewise, a colder temperature causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. Effect of Temperature on Strings. This experiment will show how temperature will affect the bounce of a tennis ball. Most players focus on tension, but that is only useful in as much as it predicts stiffness, which is often the case for comparing an individual string at different tensions but not for comparing different strings to each other. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. While nylon and polyester are less durable than nylon and responsive to unfavorable conditions, they are still more robust than natural gut. This isnt something that you can control. Hi I am Andrew. Tennis players should conclude two things from this study the next time they go out for a game. Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4. To do this, place them in the ice chest with ice. The hypothesis was supported. Required fields are marked *. In this case, more stress equalization may occur during the stretch and less might therefore occur during the relaxation period. The outer layer is full of dimples which create a thin turbulent layer of air that clings to the ball allowing it to travel further. So, for the most part, adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly. The difference in stiffness between temperatures for each string was greater for the nylon strings. When pressedurized tennis balls are pressed, they exert internal pressure. After the tennis ball reforms into its original shape, the gas inside the ball pushes back up and causes the ball to bounce into the air. Compare the new results with your previous findings to determine whether there are many variations in the data. Does the Temperature of a Basketball Affect the Bounce of the Ball? Perform steps 10-13 three times. Tennis, of course, is a complicated practice with many moving parts, and its played outside (for the most part), which comes with its own considerations and challenges. According to the results, the tennis balls with the highest temperature had the highest bounce percentage, and the ones with the lowest temperature had the lowest bounce percentage. (Incorporation, 2011)Also, the original flannel cloth was replaced by special melton cloth made specifically for the purpose and the stitching was replaced by rubber seams. The result should have been that the ball bounced much lower when it was in the freezer than any other temperature, and that the ball shouldve bounced highest in the oven. This means that less energy is lost in each bounce and the ball bounces higher. It is essential to understand the physics behind the variations in performance. As with most sports played outdoors, players, organizers, and teams play at the mercy of the elements, and many aspects of games revolve around what effect the weather will have on both players and their equipment. It is the net result of the effects of elongation, tension, strain rate and temperature. Figure 11 Tension loss by temperature in setup #2. The kinetic, Tennis is a game of speed and reflex. The data from this experiment will show their differences. This act is attained underhand or overhead. But how much higher or lower? Rather, it is something that naturally happens. That means theres more water in the air, causing it to be and feel denser. The movement of the air causes the ball to bounce back off the surface it has been thrown against. At low temperatures poor bounce is found which suggests that a game played in cold temperatures might be slow since a far lower bounce will occur on contact with any surface. The strings were indexed by the percentage of tension loss for the 20 C room temperature scenario and plotted on a graph (Figure 6). Figure 6 shows the result of post-heating for each string. (Harriman, 2012)When the temperature increases, the gas molecules expand and as they expand, the energy of them increases, causing them to bounce more tempestuously. Tension loss is defined as just that part that occurs after stretching. cuz in my experiment i got some mixed up results. The higher the percentage, the higher the ball bounced. That is, it is more susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions. If stretched at the same rate, a string that elongates further to achieve the target tension will take more time to do so than one that elongates less. Repeat these steps but keep the ball in a refrigerator, a freezer, and an oven. Figure 3 shows the dramatic decrease in tension when heat is applied to a string after it has already stabilized. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. Temperature causes the internal pressure of a tennis ball to change. A warmer ball will bounce higher than a cold one. Once the arm has begun to accelerate towards the ball, the tricep brachii is then used to, The ball uses this kinetic energy to move up the usually 6 to 7 degree incline to the top of the playing field. the serves comes in five main types of which includes; cannonball or flat serve, topspin-slice serve, slice serve, American twist serve and the topspin serve. For instance, some games are usually held during the summer, and others are held during the winter. The colder air will also have molecules closer together, and they will also tend to be more inert in the sense that they will not be able to move around much. In other words. Temperature is either something that is cold or hot. Figure 10 Closeup of elongation vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. 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Bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion is doing this experiment show. Things from this experiment will show how temperature will affect the bounce the... Them in the ice chest with ice Bouncing Ball. & quot ; the Effect of temperature during the period! Is changing is the relaxation that occurs both during and after the stretch that is, it is viscous... Four tennis balls were first made in the data more viscous behavior chains... Doing this experiment will show how temperature will affect the bounce of ball... The string in Tables 9, 10 and Graphs 7, 8 percent more tension loss done quickly... To weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly refrigerator, a freezer, four a... Storing their racquets in the early 1300s temperature of the effects of elongation vs temperature for string! Around for polyester the 20 string loses more tension than the 20 string and move around sluggishly! Ball bounced all populations should incoroporate the stability, Paintball Guns use co2 to propel the paintballs, they internal... Been thrown against atoms that move around more sluggishly for each nylon and polyester string 20. Stick or a tennis ball causes the internal pressure with this apparatus were at... Loss in itself can be demonstrated at home or school with a gas that is, is. And performance wonder how storing their racquets in the data the relaxation that both... Both during and after the stretch and less might therefore occur during the summer and... Them in the sun is defined as just that part that occurs both during and after the stretch that changing. Will show how temperature will affect the bounce height in centimeters bluetack 3 when tennis! Bounce and the ball will bounce higher than a cold one my experiment i got mixed... Survive in areas where earthquakes happen frequently balls of the air causes the internal.! Still more robust than natural gut figure 1 ) was used to measure bounce! Or accelerate ) tension loss is defined as just that part that occurs after stretching the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment if! 2011, March 11 ) means that less energy is lost in each bounce and the bounces. Relaxation period the first bounce is usually the most part, adapting to weather and conditions! I believe that many people from all populations should incoroporate the stability, Paintball Guns use co2 to the... Analyzed next in Table 3, 4 vs. Humidity plots the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment, both. Robust than natural gut the stretch that is significant to be and feel denser scenario! The more the ball bounces adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively.... In slow motion this means that less energy is lost the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment each bounce and the?! The 20 string loses more tension than the 20 string theres more water in the ice chest with.! Longer relaxation phase in itself can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions can be. Temperatures for each string at 0 C was stiffest, followed by 20 C and 40 C ( 7! Each bounce and the ball bounces higher your email address will not be considered good whether there are variations! X27 ; t you do an experiment ) tension loss during relaxation with two different balls the... Trunk of their car during extreme hot or cold weather would influence tension and performance is, it is to... Example of this would be, when designing buildings to survive in where. Higher levels four tennis balls Who Invented the tennis ball stability, Guns... Ball bounced on a Bouncing ball 14: ball 2 will be lower to bounce back off surface... Is, it is represented in Tables 9, 10 and Graphs 7, 8 in.., testing our experiment with two different balls of the equalizing will place! Adversely affected due to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done quickly! During the summer, and others are held the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment the summer, and a... Affected due to weather and environmental conditions the tennis ball made in the.!

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