17. 74. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. Which of the following presidents failed to win an electoral majority, but still won the presidency by decision of the House of Representatives? He now has command of the Texas bureaucracy almost akin to a president's control of a cabinet. E. manipulating the media, 41. C. Jimmy Carter His decision in late 2009 to expand the war in Afghanistanalbeit with withdrawal timelinesrekindled worries about an imperial presidency. D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. D.whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. 37. Perhaps no provision has been more neglected in this discourse than the so-called Calling Forth Clause of Article I, which empowers Congress [t]o provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions. As Justice Jackson explained in his Steel Seizure concurrence. 27. D. New Hampshire Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. D. Office of Legislative Affairs The issue of accountability is with us still. Presumably this power arises from the Commander in Chief Clause, read to convey independent substantive power to the President to direct the military on matters not related to war initiation. Among other perceived problems, Congress meddled in the tactical direction of the Revolutionary War. But he planned the move in such secrecy that he didnt notify members of his own cabinetincluding his secretary of state, William Rogersuntil the last minute, and instead used his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to pave the way. Which one of the following did NOT serve as a state governor prior to being president? Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Conservatives, who were already distressed by the expansion of social programs in his Great Society initiative, saw the Johnson presidency as an assault on traditional freedoms at home and an unwise use of American power abroad; liberals favored Johnsons initiatives to reduce poverty and make America a more just society, but they had little sympathy for a war they believed was unnecessary to protect the countrys security and wasted precious resources. If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. Being president provided powers to make a difference in world affairsthe arena in which he felt most comfortablethat no senator could ever hope to achieve. Barack Obama does not appear to have fully grasped the Truman lesson on the political risks of unilateral executive action in foreign affairs. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. B. elimination of candidate selection by primary Office of Management and Budget. Bill Clinton E. Jimmy Carter. C. is the office most representative of the people. D. George W. Bush In sum, the Commander in Chief Clause gives the President the exclusive power to command the military in operations approved by Congress; it probably gives the President substantial independent power to direct military operations so long has the President does not infringe exclusive powers of Congress or other provisions of the Constitution; and it may (but may not) limit Congress power to pass statutes directing or prohibiting particular military activities. 27 febrero, 2023 . During 2006, the year before Democrats took back control of Congress, George W. Bush B. Just as statutes that order the President to conduct warfare in a certain manner or for specific goals would be unconstitutional, so too are laws that seek to prevent the President from gaining the intelligence he believes necessary to prevent attacks upon the United States. E. office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances. B. fear of impeachment. I mean, who gives a s--- if the minimum wage is $1.15 or $1.25, in comparison to something like this? The Bay of Pigs would remain a searing memory for him, but it was only a prologue to the gravest crisis of his presidency. 24. As David Barron and Martin Ledermans definitive academic study of the Clause explains, the textual designation of the President as the Commander in Chief was intended to ensure that that officer, and no other, would be ultimately responsible for performing that role, whatever it was to entail. To that end, they continue, the Clause suggests that, at least with respect to certain functions, Congress may not (by statute or otherwise) delegate the ultimate command of the army and navy. The more interesting question is why the Calling Forth Clause has disappeared from our modern view of how the Constitution separates war powers. E. All these answers are correct. A. has the strong support of the American people. Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. 1928 C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. E. mid-term elections. E. of attitudes held by the American public. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. E. President Bush used the veto less and less during the course of his presidency so as not to cause his popularity to fall. B. States that apply the unit rule D. should provide strong leadership in the area of foreign policy but not in domestic policy. D. He cast aside the stewardship theory in favor of the Whig theory. The Supreme Court, in ruling in 1974 that Nixon had to release White House tape recordings that revealed his actions on Watergate, reined in presidential powers and reasserted the influence of the judiciary. Although the missile gap would prove a chimera based on inflated missile counts, the Soviets contest with the United States for ideological primacy remained quite real. A. D. staging of personal appearances. 13. Yet his sustained commitment to ending the war in Iraq offers hope that he will fulfill his promise to begin removing troops from Afghanistan this coming July and that he will end that war as well. A. Ronald Reagan B. George H. W. Bush C. blocking by Congress. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post Jefferson expand the powe, Posted a year ago. He also knew how to secure widespread backing for himself and his policies. A. George Washington E. an increase in the number of presidential candidates per party. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. Domestic Affairs. How much power should the president have? A. results of the primaries and caucuses; the candidate who places second in these contests is nominated as the running mate of the candidate who finishes first. E. 1992, 18. D. Lyndon Johnson He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. B. is a former member of Congress. E. All these answers are correct. A. Whereas today candidates rely on the media, previously they based their campaigns on the Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. And even in the Prize Cases (1863), in which the Supreme Court famously recognized the Presidents power to repel sudden attacks, it attributed at least some of that authority not to the Commander in Chief Clause, but to these statutes, by which he is authorized to call[] out the militia and use the military and naval forces of the United States in case of invasion by foreign nations, and to suppress insurrection against the government of a State or of the United States. In other words, the Presidents defensive war powers, though unquestioned in their scope and existence, may emanate just as much from statutes Congress has enacted under the Calling Forth Clause as from Article IIs provision that he be Commander in Chief. B. C. the belief by the public that Congress should follow the presidential agenda, regardless of whether or not the majority part is the same party of the president A. If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). An opposing view, developed by Professor Saikrishna Prakash in a series of articles and an important 2015 book on executive power, sees Congress as having complete power over the military through various clauses of Article I, Section 8, with the Presidents substantive command authority operating only where Congress has not provided specific direction. Kennedy won the presidency just as that conflict was assuming a new urgency. Terms of Use C. New York The presidential advisory unit that, as a whole, has declined significantly as an advisory resource for the president in the twentieth century is the Shortly . Abbott inherited those new powers and sought to expand them. A. E. the State of the Union address. Contrary to the first view, the Constitution expressly gives Congress significant power over the military. Posted 2 years ago. D. must be a white male In the ensuing unrest, four students at Kent State University in Ohio and two at Jackson State University in Mississippi were fatally shot by National Guard troops and police, respectively. He initiated a bombing campaign against North Vietnam in March 1965 and then committed 100,000 U.S. combat troops to the war without consulting Congress or mounting a public campaign to ensure national assent. But, they are in a position to make suggestions and push forward on important campaign issues. D. Andrew Jackson The debate over China's peace proposal also carried over to a special . A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. To learn more about enforcement please click on below link. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine B. administration of the laws Interactions among branches of government. 47. When the operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors, he suffered in the court of public opinion. One of the most important of the President's domestic powers is the power to veto bills (laws). A. 29. 10. To be sure, it may often be difficult to draw a clear line between legislative Rules for the conduct of the military, on one hand, and executive direction of military operations on the other. The Expanding Power of the Presidency. A. Michigan and Montana. Having a single executive could lead to tyranny due to the fact that they would not have to check with other powers and could use all of the power to themselves. After these crises and conflicts finish, the president doesn't want to relinquish the added power, so it stays with them. C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. 12. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. C. House and Senate in a joint session. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. D. The constitutional powers of the vice presidency have been increased by Congress twice during U.S. history. In meeting the challenges of his time, Kennedy sharply expanded the power of the presidency, particularly in foreign affairs. For example, multiple Presidents have claimed that the War Powers Resolution, which limits the Presidents ability to deploy troops into hostilities without Congresss approval, is unconstitutional on this ground. A. during his or her first year in office. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. National Economic Council A. national leadership D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs, 26. D. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful domestic policy initiative. D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. Another is the appointment power, which offers presidents important formal means Why do you think the presidents informal powers have grown over time? C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. Congress has formally declared war ________ times in U.S. history. A. guide the military in its use of force in field situations where it is impractical to seek direction from the president. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. B. The structure of our government now witt the use of bureaucracies, cabinet, checks, and balances, and so forth help put more regulation onto the executive so they have to check with other parts of the government to legislate, etc. E. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay accepted nominations to the vice presidency as stepping stones to the presidency. Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, Dalton Cross Professor in Law at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law, The Commander in Chief Clause of Article II, Section 2 provides that The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States. As Justice Jackson put it in the Steel Seizure case (Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)), These cryptic words have given rise to some of the most persistent controversies in our constitutional history, with Presidents at various points claiming that it vests power to do anything, anywhere, that can be done with an army or navy., At a minimum, all agree that the Clause has two separate but related purposes: First, in response to the charge in the Declaration of Independence that the King had affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power, it ensures civilian superintendence over the militaryand, as such, the subordination of the military to civilian (and democratically accountable) control. Presidents in the nineteenth century paid more attention to their vice presidents and granted them more authority. 1804 Which of the following is NOT true of the 2004 presidential election? But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clauses potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congresss constitutional authority to circumscribe the Presidents domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of circumstances, including through the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which requires express authorization from Congress before the military may be utilized in a domestic law enforcement capacity. 34. When he explained in a 1960 tape recording why he was running for president, he described a senators life as less satisfying than that of a chief executive, who could nullify a legislators hard-fought and possibly long-term initiative with a stroke of the pen. This dramatically undermines arguments evoking a broad and unilateral authority for the Commander in Chief in the circumstances contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, i.e., to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.. is the queen more powerful than the president. C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. President Obama's failure in his early months in office to enact policies to combat global warming, despite his determination to do so, is reflective primarily of It really is true that foreign affairs is the only important issue for a President to handle, isnt it? he asked rhetorically. D. limit the president's war-making power. In mid-November, 74 percent of Americans approved of the way John Kennedy is handling his job as President, a clear endorsement of his resolution of the missile crisis. How did Theodore Roosevelt change the conception of the presidency? He told New York Times columnist Arthur Krock that United States troops should not be involved on the Asian mainland.The United States cant interfere in civil disturbances, and it is hard to prove that this wasnt the situation in Vietnam. He told Arthur Schlesinger that sending troops to Vietnam would become an open-ended business: Its like taking a drink. A more difficult question is how much authority the Clause gives the President beyond operations approved by Congress. He also argues that a single executive is less dangerous to democracy than a council, because it is easier to identify and remove one corrupt person than to discover who among several leaders is a bad actor. E. mid-term elections. The former power is carried over directly into the Constitutions list of congressional powers, but the latter is not. B. after reelection to a second term. Direct link to Jay C's post how has the president's p, Posted a year ago. . The only two states that are exceptions to the unit rule are D. the image-building that the president's foreign policy strength lends to the rest of his agenda The unpopular war and Johnsons political demise signaled a turn against executive dominance of foreign policy, particularly of a presidents freedom to lead the country into a foreign conflict unilaterally. 2 Privacy Statement C. A president should be allowed to declare war, because only the executive can react quickly enough. D. Al Gore received 550,000 more votes nationally than Ralph Nader. B. 7. B. spin control C. Maine and Nebraska. A. must be at least 40 years of age Which of the following describes what political scientist Hugh Heclo calls "the illusion of presidential government"? E. None of these answers is correct. At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. C. 1856 D. command of the military Kennedy joked, The worse I do, the more popular I get.. B. II B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government E. None of these answers is correct. A. is a shared office where the president and the cabinet are equally powerful. Nixons decision to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic of China, after an interruption of more than 20 years, was one of his most important foreign policy achievements, and his eight-day visit to Beijing in February 1972 was a television extravaganza. ________ was known as the "Great Communicator". C. 1968 C. White House Office. The distinction between legislative functions (making general rules and deciding on war initiation) and executive functions (conducting war or directing [military] operations) reflects the Framers broader commitment to separation of powers. D. lobbying the bureaucracy 49. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. (Reston would usher Eisenhower out of office with the judgment that he was orderly, patient, conciliatory and a thoughtful team playerall admirable traits of character. The Executive Committee of the National Security CouncilExComm, as it became knownincluded not a single member of Congress or the judiciary, only Kennedys national security officials and his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, and his vice president, Lyndon Johnson. B. must be a resident in the United States for at least 10 years C. He rejected the idea of the "strong presidency". Carter could justify the secrecy as essential to the mission, but after sandstorms and a helicopter crash aborted it, confidence in independent executive action waned. 2023 National Constitution Center. They can only be issued in matters of national security. b. from time to time, the public elects someone of exceptional talent. 28. How many presidents have been impeached in U.S. history? 1892 D. Georgia and Louisiana. How may having a single executive lead to tyranny? D. had a 37 percent success rate with Congress. C. George W. Bush did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. B. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. On one hand, a powerful executive permits quick and decisive action, which is important for responding to current events. True, he wanted a show of Congressional backing for any major steps he tookhence the Tonkin Gulf Resolution in 1964, which authorized him to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia. But that law, which has been contested by every president since, has had an ambiguous record. D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. A. the U.S. Senate The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength forms a usual and essential part in the definition of the executive authority. B. party organizations. brainly.com/question/29422434. The Twenty-second Amendment to the US Constitution applies term limits to the office of the president. Nixons affinity for what Arthur Schlesinger would later describe as the imperial presidency was reflected in his decisions to bomb Cambodia secretly in 1969 to disrupt North Vietnams principal supply route to insurgents in South Vietnam and to invade Cambodia in 1970 to target the supply route and to prevent Communist control of the country. The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. What are the benefits of a single executive? Cookie Settings, Frank Scherschel / Time Life Pictures / Getty Images, John Dominis / Time & Life Pictures / Getty Images, prime-time campaign debates against Nixon, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Easter Island. The continuing belief that Truman had trapped the United States in an unwinnable land war in Asia by crossing the 38th Parallel in Korea, the distress at Johnsons judgment in leading the country into Vietnam, and the perception that Nixon had prolonged the war there for another four yearsa war that would cost the lives of more than 58,000 U.S. troops, more than in any foreign war save for World War IIprovoked national cynicism about presidential leadership. Of course, it was the Watergate scandal that destroyed Nixons presidency. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post Presidents have used exec, Posted 4 years ago. . But in his third month, the president learned that executive direction of foreign policy also carried liabilities. E. is subordinate to the Supreme Court. E. the Department of Justice. In fact, since 1792, Congress has provided specific statutory authorization for military deployments in the cases contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, first through the militia (which President Washington called forth to help put down the Whiskey Rebellion) and subsequently through the regular federal army (as the unreliability of the militia became increasingly clear). When he pulls his ear lobe and rubs his chin, he is telling the truth. Examples include issuing executive orders and negotiating executive agreements. Kennedys inaugural address had signaled a foreign policy driven by attempts to satisfy hopes for peace. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? A president's power has largely depended on. 1. B. A. momentum. C. elimination of the unit rule 25. D. IV For Kennedy, the Presidency offered the chance to exercise executive power. B. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. The unresolved problems attached to these conflicts have once again raised concerns about the wisdom of fighting wars without more definitive support. The question is whether they were equal to the threat developing, not dramatically but slowly, on the other side of the world.) Thus a so-called missile gap became a major issue in the 1960 campaign: Kennedy, the Democratic candidate, charged Vice President Richard M. Nixon, his Republican opponent, with responsibility for a decline in national security. E. George W. Bush, 42. Decisions taken by presidents from Gerald Ford to Barack Obama show that the initiative in foreign policy and war-making remains firmly in the chief executives hands. C. 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